Psittacosis یا پسیتاکوزیز

[دکتر شیوا]

Psittacosis چی هست ؟

[Dr.Hossein.M.Al]

با سلام و عرض ادب خدمت شما
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اسم درست بیماریی که شما ذکر کردید Psittacosis یا پسیتاکوزیز یک عفونت باکتریایی است که عامل ان باکتری Chlamydia psittaci می باشد و یک نوع از باکتریای موجود در مدفوع پرندگان است که قابل انتقال به انسان می باشد.
من مقاله کامل ان را درزیر برای شما قرار دادم امیدوارم مفید واقع شود:
PsittacosisOrnithosis; Chlamydia psittaci
Last reviewed: September 15, 2010.

Psittacosis is an infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci, a type of bacteria found in the droppings of birds. Birds spread the infection to humans.
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsPsittacosis is a rare disease: 100 - 200 cases are reported each year in the United States.
Bird owners, pet shop employees, persons who work in poultry processing plants, and veterinarians are at increased risk for this infection. Typical birds involved are parrots, parakeets, and budgerigars, although other birds have also caused the disease.

Symptoms

Blood-tinged sputum
Dry cough (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003072/)
Fatigue (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003088/)
Fever (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003090/) and chills
Headache (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003024/)
Joint aches
Muscle aches (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003178/)
Shortness of breath (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003075/)


Signs and testsThe health care provider will hear abnormal lung sounds such as crackles and decreased breath sounds when listening to the chest with a stethoscope.
Tests include:


Antibody titer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003333/) (rising titer over time is a sign of infection)
Blood culture (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003744/) (grows chlamydia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001345/))
Blood gases
CT scan of the chest (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003788/)
Sputum culture
X-ray of the chest (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003804/)


TreatmentThe infection is treated with antibiotics. Doxycycline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000563/) is the first line treatment. Other antibiotics that may be prescribed include:


Azithromycin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001009/)
Erythromycin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000662/)
Moxiflacin
Rifampin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000675/)
Tetracycline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000576/)

Note: Tetracycline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000576/) and doxycycline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000563/) by mouth is usually not prescribed for children until after all their permanent teeth have started to grow in or to pregnant women. The medicine can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming.

Expectations (prognosis)Full recovery is expected.

Complications

Brain involvement
Decreased lung function as a result of the pneumonia
Heart valve infection
Inflammation of the liver (hepatitis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A001154/))


Calling your health care providerAntibiotics are needed to treat this infection. If you develop symptoms of psittacosis, call your health care provider.

PreventionAvoid exposure to birds that may carry this bacteria, such as imported parakeets. Medical problems that lead to a weak immune system increase your risk for this disease and should be treated appropriately.

References

Torres A. Pyogenic Bacterial Pneumonia and Lung Abscess. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus CV, Martin TR, et al. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 32.



Review Date: 9/15/2010.
Reviewed by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.



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A.D.A.M., Disclaimer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001152/#disclaimer)

Copyright (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/copyright/) © 2011, A.D.A.M., Inc


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Psittacosis in Birds

Authored by: Simon Starkey BVSc, PhD, D.ABVP(Avian)

What is psittacosis?






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Psittacosis is an infectious disease that has been identified in over 400 species of birds, including many species of birds commonly kept as pets, such as cockatiels and budgerigars. The disease is also known as avian chlamydiosis or chlamydophilosis because it is caused by an atypical bacterium known as Chlamydophila psittaci. What clinical signs (or symptoms) does psittacosis cause in birds?
Psittacosis can cause a variety of symptoms in birds; the disease can damage several body/organ systems. It is quite common for the eyes as well as the upper and lower airways to be affected. As such, many birds with psittacosis will have discharge from the nose and or eyes, and they may sneeze, cough or wheeze. Birds can become sick rapidly and may appear fluffed up, lose interest in food, and become thin and weak. In addition to the eyes and respiratory tract, the liver and gastrointestinal tract is often affected. Liver damage can make birds feel sick, alter food intake and digestion, as well as lead to a discoloration of the normally white part of the droppings known as urates. With severe liver disease, this white portion of the stool becomes a yellow-green color. Diarrhea may also be seen due to liver and gastrointestinal damage.
In addition to these obvious and often severe symptoms, psittacosis can also cause a waxing and waning syndrome in pet birds. The birds may be thin, demonstrate periods of weakness and anorexia in which their feathers are often ruffled, and have intermittent diarrhea and or abnormal droppings. The waxing and waning nature of the disease can make diagnosis difficult and could put other birds’ and people’s health at risk.
Finally, some birds may have psittacosis and show no obvious symptoms at all. This may be early in the infection, or the birds may have a good immune system at that time. These birds can pose a threat to other household birds as well as people because they can pass the disease on without being outwardly affected.
Can Psittacosis Cause Disease in People?
Unfortunately, yes. The majority of human cases of psittacosis come from birds; the disease is zoonotic. Psittacosis was first reported in people during the late 1800s when parrots were imported in increasing numbers to Western Europe. Most people with psittacosis experience fever and flu-like symptoms. Pneumonia is also quite common and may progress to become severe and potentially life threatening. The condition can also cause severe liver and heart disease in people. Additional information about psittacosis can be found at the following sites:
Disease Listing, Psittacosis, Technical Information | CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/psittacosis_t.htm)
http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/Psittacosis.pdf
Medscape: Medscape Access (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227025-overview)
If you feel you may have psittacosis, it is important to seek immediate advice from your human healthcare professional.
How is psittacosis diagnosed in birds, and what tests will my veterinarian want to perform?

Neither the respiratory nor the gastrointestinal symptoms seen during psittacosis are specific to this disease. In other words, your avian veterinarian will have to consider psittacosis and many other infectious and non-infectious diseases as the cause of your bird’s illness before a definitive diagnosis can be reached.






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Depending upon the degree of suspicion and how specific the symptoms are for psittacosis, your veterinarian will likely first suggest performing routine diagnostic tests such as a complete blood count, plasma biochemistry panel, and two-view whole body radiographs (x-rays). These tests will help your veterinarian rule out other infectious and some non-infectious causes of your bird’s symptoms. If your veterinarian suspects psittacosis, then it is likely that one or more tests specifically designed to diagnose this condition will be recommended. One is a PCR test that looks for the DNA of the bacteria Chlamydophila psittaci, which causes psittacosis. This test is typically performed on a blood sample, but may also be performed with a swab taken from your bird’s mouth and vent. Often both samples will be run at the same time to increase the chances of diagnosing the disease. A second type of specific test looks at the bird’s immune response to the bacterium. This test requires a blood sample and is considered quite sensitive at detecting the disease in most bird species.
Can psittacosis be treated in birds?
Yes. Once diagnosed, psittacosis can be treated with antibiotics. Often your avian veterinarian will suggest giving a long-acting antibiotic injection once a week for 4 weeks. This is considered one of the most reliable ways to treat psittacosis as it prevents the risks of the bird not getting all of the medication if given by mouth. The condition needs to be treated for at least one month as the bacteria live within the cells of the body and can only be killed periodically as they escape one cell and move to another.
Is there a vaccine to prevent psittacosis?
Unfortunately at this time there is no vaccine to prevent psittacosis in birds.

How can psittacosis be prevented?
Many breeders are taking steps to reduce psittacosis in the USA. This is typically done by testing breeding birds and not adding new birds to the flock until they have been tested and undergone a period of quarantine. Unfortunately not all breeders have taken these steps and even if one breeder has, birds may be mixed with birds from other breeders as they travel from wholesaler to retail pet distributors and their new home.
As such, the best thing you can do is have your bird examined by an avian veterinarian and conduct diagnostic testing for this and other diseases that your bird could have been exposed to. In addition to testing new birds, it is also wise to strictly quarantine new additions for up to two months to help make sure they are disease-free before introducing them to other birds in your household
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